3-GORBACHEV+Pai,+Aakash


 * Soviet Government **


 * What was the situation for that group/institution before Gorbachev became Premier? **
 * Before the reign of Gorbachev, the Soviet Union did not limit state power. There was no formal separation of powers which existed between Party, Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers that represented executive and legislative branches of the government. The system was governed less by statute than by informal conventions, and no settled mechanism of leadership succession existed. The type of government which was in place could be referred to a totalitarian system, an ideology led by one dictator ruling by terror. During this period (until about 1975) the concerns of the armed forces were given precedence and requests for resources were rarely challenged. The presence of the military was also institutionalized in the Politburo in 1973 (with the promotion of Marshal Andrei Grechko to that body), giving it a direct voice in the highest decision-making body.


 * How did that group/institution interpret the way in which Gorbachev's reform policies applied to it? **
 * Gorbachev increasingly found himself caught between criticism by conservatives who wanted to stop reform and liberals who wanted to accelerate it. Meanwhile, despite his intention to maintain a one-party system, the elements of a multiparty system were already crystallising. Despite some setbacks, he continued his policy of demokratizatsiya, and he enjoyed his worldwide perception as the reformer. In June 1988, at the CPSU's Nineteenth Party Conference, the first held since 1941, Gorbachev and his supporters launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the government apparatus. He again called for multi-candidate elections for regional and local legislatures and party first secretaries and insisted on the separation of the government apparatus from party bodies at the regional level as well. He managed, in the face of an overwhelming majority of conservatives (i.e., higher authorities), to force through acceptance of his reform proposals. It would seem that the conference was a successful step in promoting party-directed change from above.


 * How did the Soviet state apply those policies to that group/institution, and what were the effects? **
 * Perestroika allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced some market-like reforms. The goal of the perestroika, however, was not to end the command economy but rather to make socialism work more efficiently to better meet the needs of Soviet consumers.The process of implementing perestroika arguably exacerbated already existing political, social and economic tensions within the Soviet Union and no doubt helped to further nationalism in the constituent republics. Perestroika and resistance to it are often cited as major catalysts leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev changed the meaning of freedom for the people of the USSR. Previously, freedom had meant recognition of the Marxist–Leninist regime. Now, however, freedom meant escaping all constraints.


 * What was the significance of Gorbachev's reforms as they pertained to that group/institution? **
 * After Gorbachev took control of the office in March 1985, he began a series of political reforms that were resisted by many established members of the Communist Party. However, Gorbachev appealed over the heads of the party to the people and called for demokratizatsiya. For Gorbachev, demokratizatsiya originally meant the introduction of multi-candidate elections for local Communist Party (CPSU) positions and Soviets. In this way, he hoped to rejuvenate the party with progressive personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms followed two paths: perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost' (openness). In order to reform the Soviet economy, Gorbachev believed it was necessary to cut spending on the Soviet military, both inside Soviet borders and throughout Eastern Europe. By the end of 1989, 500,000 men had been decommissioned from the Soviet army, greatly reducing its military presence throughout Eastern Europe. In this intelligence assessment from 1990, the real impact of Soviet disarmament for the U.S. and its NATO allies is evaluated.

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Ross, E. A., and Selig Perlman. "Foreign Governments and Politics." //JSTOR //. JSTOR, n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. ======

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Pittman, Riitta H. "Perestroika and Soviet Cultural Politics: The Case of the Major Literary Journals." //JSTOR //. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. ======